Iranian Science Diplomacy: Management Systems, Strategic Policies, and Sino-Iranian Collaboration

Abstract

This study analyzes Iran’s science diplomacy amidst intricate geopolitical dynamics, focusing on its institutional mechanisms, strategic priorities, and collaborative potentials. Iran’s unique governance model—characterized by multi-sectoral coordination under government leadership—has bolstered advancements in energy, defense, and agriculture, laying a foundation for its science diplomacy. Strategically, Iran adopts a diversified approach, fostering regional and global partnerships to enhance technological synergies in energy, information technology, and biotechnology, particularly with Russia, China, and India. However, challenges such as international sanctions, regional instability, and domestic R&D limitations impede progress. Notably, Sino-Iranian collaboration, rooted in historical ties and the Belt and Road Initiative, has expanded from traditional sectors (e.g., agriculture) to cutting-edge fields like AI and renewable energy. While complementarity and dynamic growth characterize this partnership, obstacles remain, including geopolitical tensions, technical standard disparities, and cultural barriers. This research underscores Iran’s resilience in leveraging science diplomacy to navigate global challenges and highlights the transformative potential of Sino-Iranian cooperation in advancing regional innovation ecosystems. Findings offer theoretical insights and practical guidance for deepening bilateral ties, enhancing global technological influence, and promoting sustainable development in the Middle East and beyond.